Organisation

1) What are Specialised Cells ?
Cells are the building blocks for all living organisms and as an organism develops.
When the cells differentiate to form different types of cells they become specialised.

2) Can you give some examples of specialised cells ?
Humans - sperm cells, muscle cells
Plant - xylem cells, phloem cells

3) Can you describe the different groups of cells in a multicellular plant (or animal) organism ?
Tissue - a group of similar cells
Organ - a group of different cells
Organ System - a group of organs
Organism - several organ systems

4) How many organ systems are there in a human body ?
(1) Digestive - stomach, mouth, gullet, small + large intestines (removes solid waste)
(3) Circulatory/Cardiovascular - heart, blood vessels, blood circulation, pumps blood from heart to lungs to get oxygen
(2) Respiratory - breathing, lungs, nose, gas exchange
(5) Nervous - (see Homeostasis and Response section) messaging, pain
(4) Reproductive - (see Homeostasis and Response section) menstrual cycle, gestation
(6) Urinary - (see Homeostasis and Response section) filters blood, kidneys, bladder (removes liquid waste)
(7) Skeletal - 206 bones in an adult
(8) Muscular - muscles, muscle fibre
Lymphatic, Endocrine, Integumentary

5) What is the Digestive System ?
This is the breaking down of food and extracting the five nutrients.

6) Can you describe the different components in the digestive system ?
Mouth - food is mixed with saliva (which contains enzymes) to help break down carbohydrates
Tongue - taste, chew, swallow, speak
Gullet/Oesophagus - connect the mouth to the stomach
Stomach - food mixes with enzymes that breaks down proteins. It contains acid to kill harmful bacteria
Liver - contains bile to break down fats
Gall Bladder - small organ used to store bile (liquid made by liver). Bile helps breakdown fatty foods
Pancreas - creates enzymes to break down food
Small Intestine - food is absorbed into the blood. Creates enzymes to break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The walls are covered with millions of Villi.
Large Intestine - water is absorbed into the blood.
Rectum - the last part of the large intestine and stores waste until the body is ready to get rid of it
Anus - the opening at the end of the digestive system

7) What are the five different nutrients your body needs for a balanced diet ?
Carbohydrates - provide energy (fibre, bread, potatoes, cereals)
Proteins - for growth and repair (meat, eggs, beans)
Lipids - (fats & oils) provides reserve energy (butter, cream)
Vitamins - (A, C) needed for body processes (vegetables, fruit)
Minerals - (calcium, iron, potassium) for strong bones & teeth, healthy blood (milk, meat)

8) What is an Enzyme ?
An enzyme is a protein molecule.
These are biological catalysts they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Digestive enzymes are produced by specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut.

9) Can you give the name of 3 digestive enzymes ?
protease, lipase, amylase (carbohydrase)

10) What is the definition of a Disease ?
A disease is a disorder of a structure or function that can affect physical and/or mental health.

11) What are the two different types of Diseases ?
Communicable - these can be spread between organisms
Non Communicable - (Diabetes, Cancer) these cannot be spread between organisms

12) What is Cancer and what causes it ?
Cancer is caused by changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.
When a lot of cells are created it can form tumours and there are two types
Benign - these are non-cancerous and usually contained in a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body.
Malignant - these are cancerous. They invade other cells on other parts of the body and can spread creating secondary tumours.

13) What happens if you do not get enough vitamins and minerals ?
This will cause deficiency diseases.
A lack of vitamin C will lead to problems with the skin and gums

14) What is your Basic Energy Requirement (BER) ?
This is the minimum amount of energy you need every day just to survive.
Daily BER (kJ/day) = 5.4 x 24hrs x body mass (kg)
Total Energy requirement = BER + Energy for exercise/activities

15) What causes Obesity ?
When you are taking in more energy than you are using

16) Are there any problems if you become obese ?
Yes. It will lead to health problems, such as heart disease

17) What is Anaemia ?
When there is a lack of nutrients.
A condition when you do not have enough healthy red blood cells (haemoglobin = red protein) to carry the oxygen around your body.
Can be caused by a lack of iron.
The person should eat more nuts, beans, green vegetables and red meat.

18) What is Starvation ?
When you do not get enough energy.

19) What is a Food Addiction ?
Some foods (like chocolate, crisps, fast food, sweets) can release dopamine.
This is a "feel-good" chemical and over time, the brain can start wanting that feeling again and again.
When they stop eating it they will suffer withdrawal symptons.

20) What is the Circulatory/Cardiovascular System ?
This is the body's transport system. It moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body.

21) What are the three different components ?
Heart - A strong muscular pump that keeps blood moving. Right side pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Left side pumps oxygenated blood around the body.
Blood Vessels - veins, arteries and capillaries
Blood - red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infection), platelets (help blood clot), plasma (carries nutrients, hormones, waste)

22) What is the difference between a Vein, Artery and Capillary ?
A vein carries blood away from the heart/lungs
An artery carries blood to the heart/lungs
A capillary allows food and gases to move in and out of the blood

23) What is the Respiratory System ?
This is the transferring of oxygen into the blood system

24) Why does the body need Oxygen ?
For respiration and to get rid of the carbon dioxide
glucose + oxygon = carbon dioxide + water + energy

25) Can you describe the different components ?
Trachea - the windpipe that carries air from your mouth and nose down into your lungs.
Intercostal Muscles - muscles on the side of the lungs used for breathing
Ribcage - protects the lungs
Diaphragm - muscle underneath the lungs used for breathing
Lungs - where the gas exchange takes place
Bronchus - one big tube going into each lung
Bronchi - means more than one bronchus
Bronchioles - the bronchus split into smaller tubes
Alveoli - air sacks attached to the bronchiole where the gas exchange takes place
Cilia - tiny hairs that move mucus and trapped dirt out of the lungs

26) What is Gas Exchange ?
This is when oxygen leaves the lungs and enters the blood
AND carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the lungs.
This happens through the air sacs which have a large surface area and a good blood supply.

27) Can you describe what happens inside the Alveoli ?
Oxygen comes in and carbon dioxide comes out.
The lungs have a very good blood supply with a very large surface area.

28) What is the Bell Jar demonstration ?
This can be used to simulate what is going on when you breathe
When you pull the rubber sheet down (sumulating breathing in, the diaphragm contracts) the volume increases which decreases the pressure
This drop in pressure causes air to rush into the balloons
When you release the rubber sheet (simulating breathing out) the volume decreases which increases the pressure
This rise in pressure causes air to rush out of the balloons.

29) What is Asthma ?
A disease that affects your lungs and makes it harder to breathe.
The breathing tubes (bronchioles) narrow and fill with mucus.
An inhaler can help clear the mucus.

30) What machine can we use to measure lung capacity ?
Spirometer.

31) What is the Skeletal System ?
The skeletal system is the body's framework of bones that gives you shape, protects your organs, and allows you to move.
A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals and gives it shape.
It is the name given for all the bones in the organism.

32) What are the four things that a skeleton can do ?
Protection - protect organs (eg skull protects brain)
Support - allows us to stand up
Movement - muscles are attached to bones and can move bones
Blood Cells - many bones contain a soft tissue called bone marrow that creates red & white blood cells

33) Can you give the names of different bones ?
skull, jaw, collarbone, spine, backbone, rib, kneecap, pelvis, hip joint, fibula, radius, ulna, breastbone/sternum, humerus, femur,

34) What are animals that have a backbone called ?
Vertebrates. Animals that do not have a backbone are called Invertebrates.

35) What is the Muscular System ?
Muscles are attached to bones using tendons.

36) What happens when a muscle contracts ?
It tightens and pulls the bone attached to it

37) What happens when a muscle relaxes ?
It relaxes and lets the bone move away

38) What are Antagonistic Muscles ?
These are muscles that work in pairs.
When one contracts, the other relaxes
Example - biscep & tricep muscle in your arm

39) What are Joints ?
A joint is the point where two bones meet.
Joints are supported by tendons, ligaments and cartilage
Joints allow the skeleton to move.
Joints are filled with a liquid to help with lubrication.

40) What are the three different types of joints ?
Fixed Joints - (skull) don't move
Hinge Joints - (elbow, knee) move back and forth
Ball and Socket - (shoulder, hip) move in any direction

41) What are Tendons ?
Tendons are strong, flexible cords of tissue that connect muscle to bone.
They are essential for movement because they transmit the force from your muscles to your bones, allowing your body to move.
(eg Achilles tendon connects your calf muscle to your heel bone)

42) What are Ligaments ?
Ligaments are strong, stretchy bands of tissue that connect bone to bone.
The end of each bone is covered in cartilage.
(eg ACL in your knee is a ligament that keeps the joint stable)

43) What is Cartilage ?
This is a strong, flexible, rubbery tissue found in many parts of the body.
This is a smooth surface to help bones move easily.
It acts as a cushion and a shock absorber.

44) Explain why each joint needs at least two different muscles ?
You need at least two because muscles can only pull. They cannot push.
To move a joint in two opposite directions, you need two muscles doing opposite jobs.

45) What is Plant Transportation ?